check src/emu/video.c (namely the code for load_effect_overlay): the extension you give from command line, if any, is stripped by MAME and replaced with .png, then the file is loaded by render_load_png which in turn uses png_read_file from src/lib/util/png.c (and this one, among other things, verifies the file header and complains if it is not a real .png)
all of the above, if I'm not reading the code in the wrong way...
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